Qhov siab tshaj plaws ceev ntawm ya nyob rau hauv lub davhlau: lub amazing zog ntawm ob-tis pilots

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4 min. rau kev nyeem ntawv

Flies paub rau txhua yam ya, kab ntsaum. Thaum lub caij sov, lawv cuam tshuam rau ib tug neeg: lawv tom, tsis txhob cia lawv tsaug zog thiab lwj zaub mov. Kab yog qhov tsis zoo rau tib neeg, thiab cov kws tshawb fawb muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, tshwj xeeb, tshwj xeeb yog them rau cov lus nug txog yuav ua li cas yoov ya. Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm aerodynamics, lub davhlau ntawm Diptera no yog qhov tshwm sim tshwj xeeb.

Yuav ua li cas cov tis ntawm ya

Cov tis ntawm vertebrates tau teem rau hauv kev txav nrog kev pab los ntawm lawv tus kheej cov leeg, tab sis tsis muaj cov leeg nyob rau hauv lub tis ntawm no arthropod. Lawv txav mus los ntawm kev cog lus ntawm cov leeg ntawm lub hauv siab, uas lawv txuas nrog siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tis lawv tus kheej tau npaj txawv dua li cov noog thiab puav. Lawv muaj cov phab ntsa sab sauv thiab sab qis, txhua tus yog tsim los ntawm ib txheej ntawm hypodermis, thiab npog rau saum nrog cuticle. Nruab nrab ntawm cov phab ntsa yog qhov chaw nqaim uas muaj hemolymph.
Lub tis kuj muaj ib qho system ntawm chitinous leeg-veins. Qhov tsis muaj ob khub ntawm tis tso cai rau cov yoov txav ntau zaus thiab ua haujlwm thaum ya. Lub hind khub ntawm tis raug txo mus rau hauv oblong outgrowth kab mob hu ua halteres.
Cov kabmob no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb thaum lub sijhawm tshem tawm - ua tsaug rau lawv cov kev vibrations, uas tshwm sim ntawm qee zaus, cov kab tsis tuaj yeem maj mam nce qhov zaus ntawm tis neeg ntaus, tab sis tam sim ntawd tso lub siab flapping ceev, uas tso cai rau nws tawg tawm ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib ob.
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov halteres raug txo qis los ntawm receptors uas ua raws li stabilizers - lawv txav ntawm tib zaus li cov tis. Lub suab uas tau hnov ​​​​thaum lub sijhawm ya ya (tib yam "buzz") yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev vibration ntawm cov kabmob no, thiab tsis yog lub flapping ntawm tis.
Cov leeg ya ntawm kab yog muab faib ua 2 pawg: lub hwj chim thiab kev taw qhia (steering). Cov qub tau tsim kho siab heev thiab suav tias yog cov muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv lub nceeg vaj tsiaj. Tab sis lawv tsis hloov pauv, yog li nws tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm nrog lawv cov kev pab. Cov leeg steering muab qhov tseeb rau lub davhlau - muaj kaum ob ntawm lawv.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ya davhlau

Txhua tus neeg tuaj yeem ntseeg tau ntawm originality ntawm aerodynamics ntawm lub davhlau - rau qhov no nws txaus los saib cov kab. Nws tuaj yeem pom tias Diptera tsis zoo li tswj lawv lub davhlau: lawv ya saum huab cua, tom qab ntawd maj nrawm rau pem hauv ntej lossis hloov lawv txoj kev, tig mus rau saum huab cua. Tus cwj pwm no nyiam cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm California Research Institute. Txhawm rau kawm txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ya davhlau, cov kws tshaj lij teeb tsa kev sim ntawm Drosophila ya. Cov kab tau muab tso rau hauv qhov tshwj xeeb lub davhlau stimulator: nyob rau hauv nws, nws flapped nws tis, thiab ib puag ncig nws hloov, yuam nws hloov cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub davhlau.
Hauv chav kawm ntawm kev tshawb fawb, nws tau qhia tias yoov tsis muaj ib qho kev sib tw - lawv ya hauv zigzags. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub davhlau tsis yog chaotic, nws cov kev taw qhia feem ntau yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov kev xav tau ntawm cov kab: kev tshaib kev nqhis, kev xav ntawm kev yug me nyuam, kev nkag siab ntawm kev txaus ntshai - yog tias yoov pom kev cuam tshuam hauv nws txoj kev, nws sai sai. thiab ua tiav maneuvers. Kuj ceeb tias, tus yoov tsis xav tau kev ceev kom tshem tawm, thiab nws tsis tas yuav maj mam mus rau hauv av. Txog rau tam sim no, cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tsis tau muaj peev xwm kawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txav txawv txav.

Hom kev ya davhlau tseem ceeb

Tsis muaj kev faib tawm meej ntawm ntau hom kev ya davhlau thiab muaj ntau qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm lawv.

Feem ntau, cov kws tshawb fawb siv cov kev faib tawm hauv qab no:

  • nyob deb - kab txav nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm sab nraud, piv txwv li, cua;
  • parachute - yoov tawm, thiab kis nws tis nyob rau hauv cov huab cua thiab nqis, zoo li yog nyob rau hauv ib tug parachute;
  • nce - kab siv cov cua ntws, vim muaj kev txav mus rau pem hauv ntej thiab nce.

Yog hais tias tus dipteran yuav tsum tau kov yeej ib qho kev ncua deb (kwv yees li 2-3 km.), ces nws tsim kev kub ceev thiab tsis nres thaum lub davhlau.

Flight of ib ya. (Saib txhua yam!) #13

Npaum li cas ya ya

Ib tug arthropod ya sai tshaj li ib tug neeg taug kev. Nws qhov nruab nrab ya davhlau ceev yog 6,4 km / h.

Muaj ntau yam uas muaj ntau qhov ntsuas ceev, piv txwv li, horseflies muaj peev xwm ncav cuag qhov ceev txog li 60 km / h.

Lub peev xwm ntawm Diptera ya sai sai ua rau lawv muaj sia nyob zoo: lawv yooj yim nkaum ntawm cov yeeb ncuab thiab nrhiav kev pom zoo rau kev muaj sia nyob.

Nws tuaj yeem ya tau siab npaum li cas

Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tswj xyuas kom paub tias lub davhlau qhov siab yog txwv, tab sis cov ntsuas tseem ceeb - tus neeg laus muaj peev xwm ya mus txog 10th pem teb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws paub tias lwm yam tseem ceeb, xws li cua ceev thiab kev taw qhia, cuam tshuam rau lub davhlau qhov siab.

Hauv net, koj tuaj yeem pom cov ntaub ntawv uas tau pom tias yoov mus txog 20th pem teb, tab sis tsis muaj pov thawj kev sim rau qhov no.

yoov tsis tas yuav nce siab dhau lawm: txhua yam lawv xav tau rau lub neej ib txwm nyob ze rau hauv av. Lawv pom lawv cov zaub mov hauv qhov chaw pov tseg, cov khib nyiab pov tseg thiab tib neeg lub tsev.

 

ya ceev.

Qhov siab tshaj plaws davhlau ntau ntawm ib ya

Kab kuj tseem tawm tsam hauv nws lub peev xwm taug kev mus ntev - nws muaj peev xwm ya tau 3 km. tsis nres rau ib teev xwb. Txawm li cas los xij, rau cov peev txheej no los qhia lawv tus kheej, kab yuav tsum muaj qhov laj thawj zoo.
Raws li tau hais los saum no, lawv tau tsav los ntawm kev xav tau ntawm lub cev xws li kev tshaib kev nqhis, kev xav ua phooj ywg, lossis xav tau nteg qe. Ntau zaus lawv tsis ya mus ntev li ntawd, txij li thaum nyob ib puag ncig lawv tuaj yeem pom txhua yam lawv xav tau.

Amazing aerodynamic zog ntawm yoov

Hauv aerodynamics, tsis muaj kab tuaj yeem piv nrog nws. Yog tias cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem nthuav tawm tag nrho cov lus zais ntawm nws lub davhlau, tom qab ntawd ntawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus no nws yuav muaj peev xwm tsim lub dav hlau ultra-hnub no. Thaum kawm txog kev ya davhlau, cov kws tshawb fawb tau sau ntau lub ntsiab lus nthuav dav:

  1. Thaum lub davhlau, lub tis ua haujlwm zoo li rowing nrog oars - nws rotates nrog kev hwm rau lub longitudinal axis thiab occupies ntau txoj haujlwm.
  2. Hauv ib thib ob, cov kab ua rau ntau pua flaps ntawm nws tis.
  3. Lub davhlau yog maneuverable heev - nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tig ib ncig ntawm kev kub ceev los ntawm 120 degrees, tus ya ua txog 18 flaps nyob rau hauv 80 milliseconds.
Yav dhau los
Cov ntsiab lus nthuavYuav ua li cas muaj pes tsawg paws ya ya thiab yuav ua li cas lawv npaj: dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm ob txhais ceg ntawm ib tug tis kab
Qhov ntxiv mus
YoovDab tsi yoov noj hauv tsev thiab lawv noj dab tsi hauv qhov xwm txheej: kev noj zaub mov tsis zoo ntawm cov neeg nyob ze Diptera
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Peb yuav tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv luv luv.

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